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Publications
See below for our latest and archived Publications.
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FLOW
REACTORS -
BATCH
REACTORS -
OTHER
SOLUTIONS
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Tubular Reactors
Salamander Range
ChemCatChem
January 2013
Flow Chemistry Synthesis of Styrenes, Unsymmetrical Stilbenes and Branched Aldehydes
Two tandem flow chemistry processes have been developed. A single palladium-catalysed Heck reaction with ethylene gas provides an efficient synthesis for functionalised styrenes. Through further elaboration the catalyst becomes multi-functional and performs a second Heck reaction providing a single continuous process for the synthesis of unsymmetrical stilbenes. In addition, the continuous, rhodium-catalysed, hydroformylation of styrene derivatives with syngas affords branched aldehydes with good selectivity.
Synlett
2012
Continuous-Flow Processing of Gaseous Ammonia Using a Teflon AF-2400 Tube-in-Tube Reactor: Synthesis of Thioureas and In-Line Titrations
A simple tube-in-tube reactor based on the gas-permeable membrane Teflon AF-2400 was used in the continuous flow reaction of gaseous ammonia with isothiocyanates and one isocyanate. A colourimetric in-line titration technique is also reported as a simple method to quantify the amount of ammonia taken up by the solvent in the system.
Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis
June 18, 2012
Asymmetric Homogeneous Hydrogenation in Flow using a Tube-in-Tube Reactor
In this update, the asymmetric homogeneous hydrogenation of a number of trisubstituted olefins utilizing the recently developed tube-in-tube gas-liquid flow reactor is described. A number of chiral iridium- and rhodium-based catalysts and other parameters such as pressure, solvent, temperature and catalyst loading were screened. The advantage of the flow set-up for rapid screening and optimization of reaction parameters is illustrated. Furthermore, a comparative study using batch conditions aided in the optimization of the flow reaction set-up. The set-up was further modified to recycle the catalyst which prolonged catalytic activity.
ChemSusChem
February 13, 2012
The Oxygen-Mediated Synthesis of 1,3-Butadiynes in Continuous Flow: Using Teflon AF-2400 to Effect Gas/Liquid
The gas is always greener: A continuous flow Glaser–Hay coupling reaction system, mediated by molecular oxygen, is developed based on a tube-in-tube gas/liquid reactor/injector. The system uses a semi-permeable Teflon AF-2400 membrane to effect rapid gas/liquid contact in flow, affording homogeneous solutions of oxygen. Measurements of out-gassing downstream of the back-pressure regulator.
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
Issue 30, 2012
Flow synthesis using gaseous ammonia in a Teflon AF-2400 tube-in-tube reactor: Paal–Knorr pyrrole formation and gas concentration measurement by inline flow titration
Using a simple and accessible Teflon AF-2400 based tube-in-tube reactor, a series of pyrroles were synthesised in flow using the Paal–Knorr reaction of 1,4-diketones with gaseous ammonia. An inline flow titration technique allowed measurement of the ammonia concentration and its relationship to residence time and temperature.
Dr Philip W. Dyer -
Reader and Royal Society Industry Fellow in the Department of Chemistry
Tungsten-initiated Selective Alkene Dimerisation
The group's research broadly spans the areas of synthetic inorganic chemistry, organometallic, organophosphorus and co-ordination chemistry with much of their work focusing on the preparation and characterisation of molecular transition metal complexes and functionalised organic and heteroatom-containing ligands. These interests are driven by the potential application of these species in industrially-relevant small molecule catalysis.
Chemical Science
Issue 7 2011
Gastropod Prototype - Hydrogenation in flow: Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis using AF2400 to effect gas-liquid contact at elevated pressure
A Tube-in-Tube reactor/injector has been developed, based on a gas-permeable Teflon AF-2400 membrane, which allows both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions to be efficiently carried out at elevated pressure in flow, thereby increasing the safety profile of these reactions.
ACS Publications
May 26, 2011
Polar Bear - A New Enabling Technology for the Convenient Laboratory Scale Continuous Flow Processing at Low Temperatures
A new machine for conducting continuous flow processes at low temperatures on a laboratory scale is reported. The use of this cryogenic flow reactor has been demonstrated by the preparation of a variety of (hetero)aromatic boronic acids and esters via lithium halogen exchange chemistry. Furthermore, scale-up of the reaction conditions not only demonstrates the application of this device for the preparation of useful building blocks but also combines the ability to process n-butyllithium directly through pump heads attached to the unit.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
February 1, 2011
Gastropod Prototype - The Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids using CO2 in a Tube-In-Tube Gas Permeable Membrane Reactor
A gas–liquid flow reactor has been developed based on a gas permeable tube-in-tube configuration which effectively delivers gas to a liquid substrate stream in a safe, continuous fashion. A series of carboxylic acids were prepared from the reaction of CO2 with a range of Grignard reagents (see picture).
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
10.1039/B414742A
Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, OBC 10th Anniversary
Organocatalysis with proline derivatives: improved catalysts for the asymmetric Mannich, nitro-Michael and aldol reactions
REAXA
First published online: 26 MAR 1999
Flow Suzuki Reactions in the Salamander Reactor Using Pd(II) EnCatTM Catalyst
Pd(II) EnCatTM is a palladium catalyst immobilised in a porous polyurea matrix. The immobilised catalyst takes the form of 200 micron beads which pack well in flow columns and allow flow reactions without building up high back pressures. The Pd(II) EnCatTM has previously been shown to be effective in Suzuki coupling in both batch and flow.1 This study sought to extend this application to the Salamander Flow reactor
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Baffled Reactors
Rattlesnake Range
Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science
First published 2002
Heat transfer performance for batch oscillatory flow mixing
Experimental heat transfer data is presented for two batch operations of oscillatory flow mixing. In one case fluid is oscillated within a baffled tube and in the second case baffles are oscillated within a process fluid. For both situations the heat transfer co-efficient depends on the intensity of oscillation, and the energy performance of each configuration corresponds to that of an equivalent net turbulent flow in a pipe or a batch stirred vessel.
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Heating, Cooling,
Stirring Platforms
Polar Bear Range
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
Volume 54, Issue 11, pages 3449–3464, March 9, 2015
Organic Synthesis: March of the Machines
Organic synthesis is changing; in a world where budgets are constrained and the environmental impacts of practice are scrutinized, it is increasingly recognized that the efficient use of human resource is just as important as material use. New technologies and machines have found use as methods for transforming the way we work, addressing these issues encountered in research laboratories by enabling chemists to adopt a more holistic systems approach in their work. Modern developments in this area promote a multi-disciplinary approach and work is more efficient as a result. This Review focuses on the concepts, procedures and methods that have far-reaching implications in the chemistry world. Technologies have been grouped as topics of opportunity and their recent applications in innovative research laboratories are described.
Chemical Engineering & Technology
Volume 36, Issue 6, pages 959–967, June, 2013
Continuous Cold without Cryogenic Consumables: Development of a Convenient Laboratory Tool for Low-Temperature Flow Processes
There are a number of challenges that need to be overcome in order to stimulate more synthesis chemists to adopt continuous-flow chemical processing techniques. By way of example, the use of cryogenic consumables to cool reactions is impractical on scale or over extended reaction times. Here, a solution to the problem is described with the development of a convenient laboratory device that offers chemists the benefits of continuous flow processing using an accurate thermal energy transfer block which provides long-term reaction stability and is free from water ingress
Org. Process Res. Dev.
2013, 17 (9), pp 1183–1191
Scaling Up of Continuous Flow Processes with Gases Using a Tube-in-Tube Reactor: Inline Titrations and Fanetizole Synthesis with Ammonia
The development of a tube-in-tube reactor based on a semipermeable polymer membrane has enabled the efficient transfer of gases into liquid flow streams. In this work we describe the scalability and throughput of this reactor when applied to ammonia gas. This is made possible by a convenient titration method to rapidly assess a wide range of parameters including the liquid and gas configuration, reactor temperatures, flow rates, and solvent polarity. These data are then employed in a scaling-up process affording alkyl thioureas and are ultimately applied to a telescoped procedure leading to the anti-inflammatory agent fanetizole on a multigram scale.
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Synlett
Synlett 2013; 24(10): 1298-1302
Studies of a Diastereoselective Electrophilic Fluorination Reaction Employing a Cryo-Flow Reactor
The application of meso-scale flow chemistry in research laboratories continues to increase. Here, we report on the use of a modular cryo-flow device as applied to a diastereoselective fluorination process. The reactor can be incorporated into existing flow chemistry setups to permit continuous processing at low temperatures without recourse to cryogenic consumables.
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Voltammetry Electrolysis Cells
Zebrafish Range
Intertek
September 2014
Automated Corrosion Test System
With almost forty years of experience in corrosion monitoring and mitigation, we have developed a range of systems and processes to assure the integrity of your assets. Our automated corrosion test system is a high- thoroughput series of software-controlled independent cells. Linked in a daisy-chain formation, they allow for the simulatenous testing of samples, saving time and increasing efficiency. The automated corrosion test system is supported by two types of software - our in-house Concerto software and Zebrafish, developed by our partner, Cambridge Reactor Designs (CRD).
Brochure only
Jan 2014
Zebrafish - Electrochemistry Flow Cell
The Automated Corrosion Test System is high-throughput flow equipment consisting of independently controlled test cells. A system can comprise of many cells chained together allowing simultaneous testing of samples. User-friendly software is integral to the system allowing easy collection of corrosion data.
At the click of a button our Zebrafish can control the environment of the sample. With electrochemical instrumentation from Intertek (our preferred partner), users can perform experiments such as polarisation resistance, voltammetry and constant potential experiments incorporating user-defined conditions of electrolyte flow and temperature.
The electrolyte can be sampled for metal ion content and tests can be carried out using a multiplicity of additives to evaluate accelerated degradation.
In addition to yielding high quality corrosion data a great deal faster than conventional test methods, the high throughput approach enables the evaluation of a more complete range of parameter variables than was previously possible.
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Batch Reactors
Bullfrog Range
Chemical Communications
First published 2000
A one-step, enantioselective reduction of ethyl nicotinate to ethyl nipecotinate using a constrained, chiral, heterogeneous catalyst†
A chiral catalyst derived from 1,1A-bis(diphenylphosphino)- ferrocene and anchored within MCM-41 displays remark- able increases in both enantioselectivity and activity, in the hydrogenation of ethyl nicotinate to ethyl nipecotinate, when compared to an analogous homogeneous model compound.
Chemical Communications
First published Issue 20, 1999
Templating mesoporous silicates on surfactant ruthenium complexes: a direct approach to heterogeneous catalysts
Mesoporous silicas have been obtained by the true liquid crystal templating (TLCT) method, using a surfactant RuII complex as the template; on calcination, ruthenium-containing particles are deposited into the pores; the materials show high catalytic selectivity for the hydrogenation of hex-1-ene.
Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology
First published April 1996
Kinetic modeling of CO oxidation on Pt/CeO2 in a gradientless reactor
Cerium oxide is a major additive in three-way catalysts used in emission control of automobile exhaust. Pt/CeO2 was studied in order to better understand the role of ceria in promoting CO oxidation reaction. The kinetics of carbon monoxide oxidation on Pt/cerium oxide catalyst, was studied over the temperature range 100–170°C. Steady state kinetic measurements of CO oxidation were obtained in a computer controlled micro-CSTR reactor.
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Other Solutions
University of Cambridge
Dr Bart Hallmark, in collaboration with Prof. Malcolm Mackley FREng
The invention and innovation of a novel plastic Microcapillary Film technology
This poster describes a simple and exciting new plastic processing technology. The novel material, Microcapillary Film (MCF), is a flat extrusion-processed, flexible, plastic film containing an array of microcapillaries that run along its entire length. The precision engineered capillaries are effectively uniform and can range between 30 microns and 1 millimetre in diameter. Potential application areas are widespread and include its use as sensory equipment in the Formula 1 racing industry and in high-performance sailing, as a low-cost material for making domestic solar panels and, with further process development, as a material to create coloured fabrics without the use of chemical dyes.
Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics
First published (2001)
The effect of channel geometry and wall boundary conditions on the formation of extrusion surface instabilities for LLDPE
It is believed that surface instabilities can occur during the extrusion of linear low density polyethylene due to high extensional stresses at the exit of the die. Local crack development can occur at a critical stress level when melt rupture is reached. This high extensional stress results from the rearrangement of the flow at the boundary transition between the wall exit and the free surface. The stress is highest at the extrudate surface and decreases into the bulk of the material.
Cambridge Reactor Design
Automated Filtration and Washing Platform
An overview of the platform and of the associated automated reporting software is given, together with a description of why and where Automated Filtration and Washing adds value.
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